在全球工业化进程加速的当下，工业废气排放带来的环境污染问题日益严峻。其中，含硫废气不仅会引发酸雨，腐蚀建筑、破坏生态，还对人体呼吸道等造成严重损害，危害公众健康。在此背景下，高效脱硫技术成为环保领域的焦点。传统的湿法、干法脱硫虽应用广泛，但存在能耗高、成本贵、易产生二次污染等难题。生物脱硫技术应运而生，以其独特优势，为工业废气净化开辟新路径，成为环保科研与产业界的研究热点。

In the current acceleration of global industrialization, the environmental pollution caused by industrial waste gas emissions is becoming increasingly severe. Among them, sulfur-containing waste gas not only causes acid rain, corrodes buildings, and damages ecology, but also causes serious damage to human respiratory tract and endangers public health. In this context, efficient desulfurization technology has become a focus in the field of environmental protection. Although traditional wet and dry desulfurization methods are widely used, they face challenges such as high energy consumption, high cost, and susceptibility to secondary pollution. Biological desulfurization technology has emerged, with its unique advantages, opening up new paths for industrial waste gas purification and becoming a research hotspot in environmental protection research and industry.

生物脱硫技术原理

Principles of biological desulfurization technology

异养型微生物脱硫机制

Mechanism of heterotrophic microbial desulfurization

异养型微生物参与生物脱硫过程，通常利用有机物作为碳源和能源，在代谢过程中实现对含硫化合物的转化。部分异养菌可将有机硫化合物，如二苯并噻吩（DBT）等，通过特定的酶促反应，使碳 - 硫（C - S）键断裂，将硫原子从有机分子中分离出来，并转化为可进一步处理的无机硫形式。其代谢途径较为复杂，涉及多种酶的协同作用。例如，某些菌株可通过 “4S” 途径降解 DBT，即先将 DBT 氧化为二苯并噻吩亚砜，再进一步氧化为二苯并噻吩砜，接着生成 2 - 羟基联苯和亚硫酸盐，最终亚硫酸盐被氧化为硫酸盐，而碳骨架则保留在产物中，实现了硫的特异性脱除 。

Heterotrophic microorganisms participate in the process of biological desulfurization, usually using organic matter as a carbon source and energy source to achieve the conversion of sulfur-containing compounds in the metabolic process. Some heterotrophic bacteria can break the carbon sulfur (C-S) bond of organic sulfur compounds such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) through specific enzymatic reactions, separating sulfur atoms from organic molecules and converting them into inorganic sulfur forms that can be further processed. Its metabolic pathway is relatively complex, involving the synergistic action of multiple enzymes. For example, some strains can degrade DBT through the "4S" pathway, which first oxidizes DBT to dibenzothiophene sulfoxide, then further oxidizes it to dibenzothiophene sulfone, followed by the formation of 2-hydroxybiphenyl and sulfite. Eventually, sulfite is oxidized to sulfate, while the carbon skeleton remains in the product, achieving specific removal of sulfur.

微生物协同脱硫机制

Microbial synergistic desulfurization mechanism

实际的生物脱硫系统中，多种微生物往往协同作用，形成复杂的生态群落。不同微生物利用各自的代谢优势，接力完成含硫化合物的转化。比如，在一些生物反应器中，化能自养型微生物先将H₂S等简单含硫化合物初步氧化为单质硫，为后续的异养型微生物提供底物。异养型微生物则可利用单质硫或其他中间产物，在消耗有机物的同时，进一步将硫转化为稳定的硫酸盐，或者在合适条件下将部分硫还原为单质硫沉淀，实现硫的回收利用。这种协同作用使得生物脱硫系统更加稳定、高效，能适应更复杂的含硫废气组成和工况条件 。

In actual biological desulfurization systems, multiple microorganisms often work together to form complex ecological communities. Different microorganisms utilize their respective metabolic advantages to relay the conversion of sulfur-containing compounds. For example, in some bioreactors, chemoautotrophic microorganisms first oxidize simple sulfur-containing compounds such as H ₂ S to elemental sulfur, providing substrates for subsequent heterotrophic microorganisms. Heterotrophic microorganisms can utilize elemental sulfur or other intermediate products to further convert sulfur into stable sulfates while consuming organic matter, or reduce some sulfur to elemental sulfur precipitate under appropriate conditions, achieving sulfur recovery and utilization. This synergistic effect makes the biological desulfurization system more stable and efficient, and can adapt to more complex sulfur-containing waste gas compositions and operating conditions.

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