一、核心微生物技术

1、 Core Microbial Technology

1. 功能微生物筛选与培育

1. Screening and cultivation of functional microorganisms

优势菌种：

Advantageous bacterial species:

硫氧化菌（如硫杆菌属Thiobacillus、硫化叶菌属Sulfolobus）：氧化硫化氢（H₂S）、单质硫（S₀）、硫代硫酸盐（S₂O₃²⁻）等，生成硫酸（H₂SO₄）。

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (such as Thiobacillus and Sulfolobus) oxidize hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S), elemental sulfur (S ₀), thiosulfate (S ₂ O ∝ ² ⁻), etc. to produce sulfuric acid (H ₂ SO ₄).

有机硫降解菌（如假单胞菌属Pseudomonas、红球菌属Rhodococcus）：分解含硫有机物（如二苯并噻吩 DBT、硫醇、硫醚），通过 C-S 键断裂实现脱硫。

Organic sulfur degrading bacteria (such as Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus): decompose sulfur-containing organic compounds (such as dibenzothiophene DBT, thiols, and thioethers) and achieve desulfurization through C-S bond cleavage.

基因工程改良：通过基因编辑（如 CRISPR 技术）增强菌种耐受性（耐高温、高盐、毒性底物）和脱硫效率，例如提高关键酶（如 DBT 单加氧酶）的表达量。

Genetic engineering improvement: Enhancing bacterial tolerance (high temperature, high salt, toxic substrates) and desulfurization efficiency through gene editing (such as CRISPR technology), such as increasing the expression level of key enzymes (such as DBT monooxygenase).

2. 微生物代谢途径

2. Microbial metabolic pathways

直接脱硫：微生物直接作用于硫原子，如将 DBT 转化为 2 - 羟基联苯（HBP），硫以硫酸盐形式释放。

Direct desulfurization: Microorganisms directly act on sulfur atoms, such as converting DBT into 2-hydroxybiphenyl (HBP), and sulfur is released in the form of sulfate.

间接脱硫：微生物代谢产生酸性物质（如硫酸）或氧化剂（如 Fe³⁺），间接氧化硫化物，常见于煤炭脱硫的Fe³⁺- 微生物耦合体系。

Indirect desulfurization: Microbial metabolism produces acidic substances (such as sulfuric acid) or oxidants (such as Fe ³ ⁺), indirectly oxidizing sulfides, commonly found in the Fe ³ ⁺ - microbial coupling system of coal desulfurization.

二、关键工艺技术

2、 Key process technology

1. 废气生物脱硫工艺

1. Biological desulfurization process for exhaust gas

生物滤池（Biofilter）：

Biofilter:

适用场景：低浓度、易溶于水的 H₂S 废气（如污水处理厂、垃圾填埋场）。

Applicable scenarios: Low concentration, water-soluble H ₂ S waste gas (such as sewage treatment plants, landfills).

原理：废气通过填充微生物载体（如木屑、活性炭）的滤床，H₂S 被微生物氧化为硫酸，载体需定期喷淋营养液维持活性。

Principle: The exhaust gas passes through a filter bed filled with microbial carriers (such as sawdust and activated carbon), and H ₂ S is oxidized to sulfuric acid by microorganisms. The carrier needs to be regularly sprayed with nutrient solution to maintain its activity.

生物滴滤塔（Biotrickling Filter）：

Biotickling Filter:

适用场景：高浓度、负荷波动大的废气（如石油化工尾气）。

Applicable scenarios: high concentration and high load fluctuation exhaust gases (such as petrochemical tail gas).

特点：液相循环喷淋，可调节 pH 和营养，处理效率稳定（H₂S 去除率＞95%），如德国 BASF 的 Biothane 技术。

Features: Liquid phase circulating spray, adjustable pH and nutrition, stable treatment efficiency (H ₂ S removal rate>95%), such as the Biothane technology from BASF in Germany.

2. 液体 / 固体燃料生物脱硫

2. Biological desulfurization of liquid/solid fuels

煤炭生物脱硫：

Coal biological desulfurization:

浆液反应器：将煤粉碎后与微生物悬液混合，通过搅拌或曝气促进反应，去除煤中有机硫（如噻吩类）和无机硫（如黄铁矿 FeS₂）。

Slurry reactor: Coal is crushed and mixed with microbial suspension, and the reaction is promoted by stirring or aeration to remove organic sulfur (such as thiophene) and inorganic sulfur (such as pyrite FeS ₂) from coal.

两相分配反应器：利用油 - 水两相体系，提高疏水性有机硫（如 DBT）的传质效率，例如加拿大 PetroCanada 开发的工艺可降低柴油硫含量至 10ppm 以下。

Two phase distribution reactor: Utilizing an oil-water two-phase system to improve the mass transfer efficiency of hydrophobic organic sulfur (such as DBT), for example, the process developed by PetroCanada in Canada can reduce the sulfur content of diesel fuel to below 10ppm.

石油生物脱硫：

Petroleum biological desulfurization:

固定化细胞技术：将微生物固定在多孔载体（如海藻酸钙）上，重复利用并减少菌种流失，适用于连续化炼油脱硫。

Fixed cell technology: immobilizing microorganisms on porous carriers (such as calcium alginate), reusing and reducing bacterial loss, suitable for continuous refining and desulfurization.

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