传统与现代的碰撞：沼气脱硫技术全景扫描

The collision of tradition and modernity: panoramic scanning of biogas desulfurization technology

1. 经典传承：干法脱硫

1. Classic inheritance: dry desulfurization

干法脱硫凭借其简易、高效且成本相对较低的特性，在沼气量小、硫化氢浓度低的场景中应用广泛。其核心原理是借助氧气，将硫化氢氧化为硫或硫氧化物。常见的脱硫设备内填充活性炭、氧化铁等填料。当沼气以低流速通过填料层时，硫化氢发生氧化反应，净化后的气体从另一端排出。以氧化铁脱硫剂为例，沼气中的硫化氢与氧化铁发生反应，生成硫化铁；在有氧气存在的条件下，硫化铁又被氧化，使氧化铁得以再生。为确保脱硫持续稳定，脱硫塔通常设计为一用一备，当脱硫剂失效或系统压力损失过大时，可及时切换。不过，干法脱硫也存在短板，脱硫剂需频繁更换，且塔体存在潜在腐蚀风险。

Dry desulfurization is widely used in scenarios with low biogas production and low hydrogen sulfide concentration due to its simplicity, efficiency, and relatively low cost. The core principle is to use oxygen to oxidize hydrogen sulfide into sulfur or sulfur oxides. Common desulfurization equipment is filled with fillers such as activated carbon and iron oxide. When biogas passes through the packing layer at a low flow rate, hydrogen sulfide undergoes oxidation reaction, and the purified gas is discharged from the other end. Taking iron oxide desulfurizer as an example, hydrogen sulfide in biogas reacts with iron oxide to produce iron sulfide; In the presence of oxygen, iron sulfide is oxidized again, allowing for the regeneration of iron oxide. To ensure continuous and stable desulfurization, the desulfurization tower is usually designed with one in use and one as backup. When the desulfurizer fails or the system pressure loss is too large, it can be switched in a timely manner. However, dry desulfurization also has shortcomings, as the desulfurizer needs to be replaced frequently and there is a potential risk of corrosion in the tower body.

2. 技术革新：湿法脱硫

2. Technological innovation: Wet desulfurization

湿法脱硫在大型脱硫工程中占据重要地位，常作为粗脱硫的首选工艺。该工艺可细分为物理吸收法、化学吸收法和氧化法。其中，氧化法以碱性溶液为吸收剂，并添加载氧体作为催化剂，能将硫化氢氧化为单质硫。在实际运行中，沼气由下至上通过脱硫塔，碳酸钠或氢氧化钠溶液从顶部喷淋而下，二者充分反应，实现硫化氢的脱除。通过对出气硫化氢浓度和 pH 值的实时监控，可实现脱硫系统的全自动运行。相较于其他方法，湿法脱硫能长期连续运行，借助 pH 值维持脱硫效率，运行费用较低。但该工艺较为复杂，需要专人值守。

Wet desulfurization plays an important role in large-scale desulfurization projects and is often the preferred process for crude desulfurization. This process can be subdivided into physical absorption method, chemical absorption method, and oxidation method. Among them, the oxidation method uses alkaline solution as the absorbent and adds oxygen carrier as the catalyst, which can oxidize hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur. In actual operation, biogas passes through the desulfurization tower from bottom to top, and sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide solution sprays down from the top, fully reacting with each other to achieve the removal of hydrogen sulfide. By real-time monitoring of the concentration of hydrogen sulfide and pH value in the exhaust gas, the fully automatic operation of the desulfurization system can be achieved. Compared to other methods, wet desulfurization can operate continuously for a long time, maintain desulfurization efficiency with the help of pH value, and has lower operating costs. But the process is relatively complex and requires dedicated personnel to be on duty.

3. 绿色先锋：生物脱硫

3. Green Pioneer: Biodesulfurization

生物脱硫技术作为 20 世纪 90 年代兴起的新技术，以其高效率、低成本、高安全性等优势，逐渐成为沼气脱硫领域的新宠。该技术利用脱硫微生物，在特定条件下将硫化氢转化为单质硫或硫酸。以奥地利英环 environtec 生物脱硫技术为例，将适量空气导入含有硫化氢的沼气中，混合气体通过装有特殊塑料填料的生物脱硫塔。在塔内，脱硫细菌借助营养液在填料上繁殖，吸收沼气中的硫化氢并将其转化为单质硫，进而生成稀硫酸。该工艺硫化氢去除率高达 98.5%，可处理硫化氢浓度高达 1.5%（15000ppm）的沼气，且运行成本低，系统可通过在线监测实现全自动运行。

As a new technology that emerged in the 1990s, biological desulfurization technology has gradually become a new favorite in the field of biogas desulfurization due to its advantages of high efficiency, low cost, and high safety. This technology utilizes desulfurization microorganisms to convert hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid under specific conditions. Taking the Environtec biological desulfurization technology in Austria as an example, an appropriate amount of air is introduced into biogas containing hydrogen sulfide, and the mixed gas passes through a biological desulfurization tower equipped with special plastic packing. Inside the tower, desulfurization bacteria multiply on the packing material with the help of nutrient solution, absorb hydrogen sulfide in biogas and convert it into elemental sulfur, thereby generating dilute sulfuric acid. The hydrogen sulfide removal rate of this process is as high as 98.5%, and it can treat biogas with a hydrogen sulfide concentration of up to 1.5% (15000ppm). The operating cost is low, and the system can achieve fully automatic operation through online monitoring.

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