在当今能源与环境紧密交织的时代，脱硫技术对于减少环境污染、保障能源清洁利用至关重要。传统脱硫方法存在成本高、能耗大、二次污染等问题，而生物脱硫技术作为一种新兴的绿色环保技术，正逐渐崭露头角，为脱硫领域带来新的生机与活力。​

In today's era where energy and environment are closely intertwined, desulfurization technology is crucial for reducing environmental pollution and ensuring clean energy utilization. Traditional desulfurization methods have problems such as high cost, high energy consumption, and secondary pollution, while biological desulfurization technology, as an emerging green environmental protection technology, is gradually emerging and bringing new vitality and energy to the desulfurization field. ​

生物脱硫的原理​

The principle of biological desulfurization

生物脱硫主要依赖于微生物的代谢活动。自然界中存在着一些特殊的微生物，如氧化亚铁硫杆菌、排硫杆菌等，它们能够利用含硫化合物作为能源物质进行生长和繁殖。在生物脱硫过程中，这些微生物将含硫化合物（如二氧化硫、硫化氢、有机硫化物等）通过一系列复杂的生物化学反应转化为单质硫或硫酸盐。​

Biological desulfurization mainly relies on the metabolic activity of microorganisms. There are some special microorganisms in nature, such as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus excreta, which can use sulfur-containing compounds as energy substances for growth and reproduction. In the process of biological desulfurization, these microorganisms convert sulfur-containing compounds (such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, organic sulfide, etc.) into elemental sulfur or sulfate through a series of complex biochemical reactions. ​

以硫化氢的生物脱硫为例，氧化亚铁硫杆菌等自养型微生物在有氧条件下，将硫化氢中的硫元素氧化为单质硫，同时自身获得生长所需的能量。其化学反应式大致为：H₂S + 1.5O₂ → S + H₂O + 能量。而对于有机硫化物，微生物则通过特异性的酶系统，将有机硫键断裂，将硫原子氧化为可去除的形式。​

Taking the biological desulfurization of hydrogen sulfide as an example, autotrophic microorganisms such as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidize the sulfur element in hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur under aerobic conditions, while obtaining the energy needed for their own growth. The approximate chemical reaction formula is: H ₂ S+1.5O ₂ → S+H ₂ O+energy. For organic sulfides, microorganisms use specific enzyme systems to break organic sulfur bonds and oxidize sulfur atoms into removable forms. ​

常用的脱硫微生物​

Commonly used desulfurization microorganisms

氧化亚铁硫杆菌：这是一种广泛应用于生物脱硫的革兰氏阴性菌。它能够在酸性环境中生长，最适生长 pH 值通常在 2.0 - 2.5 之间。氧化亚铁硫杆菌不仅能氧化硫化物，还能氧化亚铁离子，在煤炭、石油等含硫能源物质的生物脱硫中发挥着重要作用。​

Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: This is a Gram negative bacterium widely used in biological desulfurization. It can grow in acidic environments, and the optimal pH for growth is usually between 2.0-2.5. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans not only oxidizes sulfides but also ferrous ions, playing an important role in the biological desulfurization of sulfur-containing energy substances such as coal and petroleum. ​

排硫杆菌：属于化能自养型细菌，可利用多种含硫化合物作为电子供体。它对环境的适应能力较强，能在较宽的温度和 pH 值范围内生存，在处理工业废气中的硫化氢以及废水处理中的硫去除方面表现出色。​

Thiobacillus: a chemoautotrophic bacterium that can utilize various sulfur-containing compounds as electron donors. It has strong adaptability to the environment, can survive within a wide range of temperature and pH values, and performs well in treating hydrogen sulfide in industrial waste gas and sulfur removal in wastewater treatment. ​

光合细菌：如紫硫细菌和绿硫细菌等，它们能在光照条件下进行光合作用，同时将硫化物氧化为单质硫。光合细菌在一些低浓度含硫废水的处理以及特定生态系统的硫循环中具有独特的作用。

Photosynthetic bacteria, such as purple sulfur bacteria and green sulfur bacteria, can carry out photosynthesis under light conditions while oxidizing sulfides to elemental sulfur. Photosynthetic bacteria play a unique role in the treatment of low concentration sulfur-containing wastewater and in the sulfur cycle of specific ecosystems.

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