在全球积极推动可再生能源发展的大背景下，沼气作为一种优质的生物质能源，凭借其来源广泛、成本相对较低、燃烧清洁等优势，正逐渐成为能源领域的一颗新星。然而，原始沼气中通常含有一定量的硫化氢（H₂S）气体，这不仅会对沼气利用设备造成严重腐蚀，缩短设备使用寿命，增加运营成本，还会在燃烧过程中产生二氧化硫等有害气体，污染大气环境，危害人体健康。因此，沼气脱硫成为了沼气高效、安全、清洁利用的关键环节。​

Against the backdrop of actively promoting the development of renewable energy globally, biogas, as a high-quality biomass energy source, is gradually becoming a new star in the energy field due to its advantages of wide sources, relatively low cost, and clean combustion. However, raw biogas usually contains a certain amount of hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S) gas, which not only causes serious corrosion to biogas utilization equipment, shortens equipment service life, and increases operating costs, but also produces harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide during combustion, polluting the atmospheric environment and endangering human health. Therefore, biogas desulfurization has become a key link in the efficient, safe, and clean utilization of biogas. ​

沼气中硫化氢的来源与危害​

The sources and hazards of hydrogen sulfide in biogas

沼气主要由有机物质在厌氧环境下，通过微生物发酵作用产生。在发酵过程中，含硫有机物（如蛋白质、氨基酸等）会被微生物分解，其中的硫元素最终转化为硫化氢释放到沼气中。硫化氢是一种具有强烈臭鸡蛋气味的无色气体，毒性较大。当空气中硫化氢浓度达到一定程度时，会对人体的呼吸系统、神经系统等造成损害，甚至危及生命。​

Biogas is mainly produced through microbial fermentation of organic matter in anaerobic environments. During the fermentation process, sulfur-containing organic compounds (such as proteins, amino acids, etc.) are decomposed by microorganisms, and the sulfur element is ultimately converted into hydrogen sulfide and released into biogas. Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas with a strong odor of rotten eggs and high toxicity. When the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air reaches a certain level, it can cause damage to the human respiratory system, nervous system, and even endanger life. ​

从能源利用角度看，硫化氢对沼气利用设备的腐蚀作用不容小觑。在沼气燃烧设备中，硫化氢燃烧生成的二氧化硫遇水会形成亚硫酸，进一步氧化为硫酸，这些酸性物质会对燃烧器、管道、热交换器等设备的金属部件产生强烈腐蚀，导致设备泄漏、损坏，降低设备的运行效率和可靠性。此外，硫化氢还会使沼气发动机的火花塞积碳、腐蚀，影响发动机的正常运行，增加维护工作量和维修成本。​

From the perspective of energy utilization, the corrosive effect of hydrogen sulfide on biogas utilization equipment should not be underestimated. In biogas combustion equipment, the sulfur dioxide generated by the combustion of hydrogen sulfide will form sulfurous acid when it comes into contact with water, and further oxidize into sulfuric acid. These acidic substances will cause strong corrosion to the metal components of equipment such as burners, pipelines, and heat exchangers, leading to equipment leakage and damage, and reducing the operating efficiency and reliability of the equipment. In addition, hydrogen sulfide can cause carbon deposition and corrosion in the spark plugs of biogas engines, affecting the normal operation of the engine and increasing maintenance workload and repair costs. ​

干法脱硫​

Dry desulfurization

氧化铁法：这是一种较为常见的干法脱硫技术。其原理基于氧化铁（Fe₂O₃）与硫化氢发生化学反应，将硫化氢转化为单质硫和水。在脱硫过程中，含有硫化氢的沼气通过装有氧化铁脱硫剂的脱硫塔。脱硫剂中的氧化铁与硫化氢反应，生成硫化亚铁（FeS）和水。随着反应的进行，当脱硫剂中的氧化铁大部分转化为硫化亚铁后，脱硫剂的脱硫能力逐渐下降。此时，可以通过向脱硫塔内通入空气，使硫化亚铁在氧气作用下被氧化为氧化铁，同时生成单质硫，从而实现脱硫剂的再生。该方法具有设备简单、操作方便、脱硫效率较高（一般可达 90% 以上）等优点，适用于小规模沼气工程和硫化氢含量较低的沼气脱硫。但它也存在脱硫剂更换频繁、产生的废脱硫剂需妥善处理等缺点。​

Iron oxide method: This is a common dry desulfurization technology. The principle is based on the chemical reaction between iron oxide (Fe ₂ O3) and hydrogen sulfide, which converts hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur and water. During the desulfurization process, biogas containing hydrogen sulfide passes through a desulfurization tower equipped with iron oxide desulfurizer. The iron oxide in the desulfurizer reacts with hydrogen sulfide to produce ferrous sulfide (FeS) and water. As the reaction progresses, the desulfurization ability of the desulfurizer gradually decreases as most of the iron oxide in the desulfurizer is converted to ferrous sulfide. At this point, air can be introduced into the desulfurization tower to oxidize ferrous sulfide into iron oxide under the action of oxygen, while generating elemental sulfur, thereby achieving the regeneration of the desulfurizer. This method has the advantages of simple equipment, easy operation, and high desulfurization efficiency (generally up to 90% or more), and is suitable for small-scale biogas projects and biogas desulfurization with low hydrogen sulfide content. But it also has drawbacks such as frequent replacement of desulfurizers and the need for proper disposal of waste desulfurizers generated. ​

活性炭法：活性炭具有巨大的比表面积和丰富的微孔结构，对硫化氢等气体具有很强的吸附能力。在活性炭脱硫过程中，沼气中的硫化氢被吸附在活性炭表面。同时，活性炭表面的某些活性位点还能催化硫化氢与氧气发生反应，将硫化氢氧化为单质硫，沉积在活性炭孔隙中。当活性炭吸附饱和后，可以采用加热再生或化学洗脱等方法，将吸附在活性炭上的硫脱除，使活性炭恢复吸附性能。活性炭法脱硫具有脱硫精度高（可将硫化氢含量降低至 1ppm 以下）、对沼气中其他成分影响小等优点，常用于对沼气纯度要求较高的场合，如沼气提纯制备生物天然气。然而，活性炭价格相对较高，再生过程较为复杂，运行成本较高。

Activated carbon method: Activated carbon has a huge specific surface area and rich microporous structure, and has strong adsorption capacity for gases such as hydrogen sulfide. During the desulfurization process of activated carbon, hydrogen sulfide in biogas is adsorbed on the surface of activated carbon. At the same time, certain active sites on the surface of activated carbon can catalyze the reaction between hydrogen sulfide and oxygen, oxidizing hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur and depositing it in the pores of activated carbon. After the activated carbon is saturated with adsorption, methods such as heating regeneration or chemical elution can be used to remove the sulfur adsorbed on the activated carbon and restore its adsorption performance. Activated carbon desulfurization has the advantages of high desulfurization accuracy (reducing hydrogen sulfide content to below 1ppm) and minimal impact on other components in biogas. It is commonly used in applications that require high purity of biogas, such as the purification of biogas to produce bio natural gas. However, the price of activated carbon is relatively high, the regeneration process is complex, and the operating cost is high.

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