鉴于全球化石燃料所面临的枯竭危机，对生物质燃料的开发和应用已经成为各国关注的重点。其中，沼气和生物天然气作为可再生能源，具有利用成本低、对环境无污染的特点，是替代常规化石能源的优质环保燃料。随着大型沼气、生物天然气工程的快速发展，沼气脱硫提纯为高附加值生物燃气的需求日益迫切，沼气净化提纯技术得到了不同程度的应用和发展。

　　Given the global crisis of fossil fuel depletion, the development and application of biomass fuels have become a focus of attention for countries around the world. Among them, biogas and biogas, as renewable energy sources, have the characteristics of low utilization cost and no pollution to the environment, and are high-quality and environmentally friendly fuels that can replace conventional fossil fuels. With the rapid development of large-scale biogas and biogas engineering, the demand for desulfurization and purification of biogas into high value-added biogas is becoming increasingly urgent, and biogas purification technology has been applied and developed to varying degrees.

　　通过去除沼气中的杂质，来对沼气进行净化提纯，提纯后的甲烷气体浓度和燃烧热值，即可替代天然气用作城市管道燃气或者用作车用燃气，能够节约和替代大量化石能源，减少污染物和温室气体排放，大大提高了沼气工程的经济效益和沼气的深度利用。

　　By removing impurities from biogas, it is purified and purified. The concentration and combustion heat value of the purified methane gas can replace natural gas as urban pipeline gas or vehicle gas, saving and replacing a large amount of fossil energy, reducing pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions, greatly improving the economic benefits of biogas engineering and the deep utilization of biogas.

　　一

　　one

　　沼气净化提纯技术利用现状

　　Current Status of Utilization of Biogas Purification and Purification Technology

　　沼气中含有硫化氢，分子式为H2S，硫化氢为易燃危化品，与空气混合能形成爆炸性混合物，遇明火、高热能引起燃烧爆炸，加上硫化氢遇水后会对钢材产生较强的腐蚀特性，因此沼气提纯精制生物天然气的预处理工序的核心即是脱除硫化氢。

　　Biogas contains hydrogen sulfide, with a molecular formula of H2S. Hydrogen sulfide is a flammable and hazardous chemical that can form explosive mixtures when mixed with air. It can cause combustion and explosion when exposed to open flames or high heat energy. In addition, hydrogen sulfide has strong corrosive properties on steel when it comes into contact with water. Therefore, the core of the pre-treatment process for purifying and refining natural gas from biogas is to remove hydrogen sulfide.

　　不同的有机废弃物在厌氧状态下产生的沼气中的硫化氢浓度有高有低，差异比较大。造纸工业、发酵工业等由于在生产过程中有含硫的介质加入，生产废水产生的沼气含硫化氢的浓度便比较高。如造纸行业的沼气可高达10000-35000ppm，淀粉工业沼气一般在10000ppm左右，生活垃圾填埋沼气则由于产生过程中相对较少有硫介质参与，因此硫化氢含量较低，一般在1000ppm以内。

　　The concentration of hydrogen sulfide in biogas produced by different organic wastes under anaerobic conditions varies greatly. Due to the addition of sulfur-containing media during the production process in industries such as papermaking and fermentation, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the biogas produced from production wastewater is relatively high. The biogas produced in the paper industry can reach 10000-35000 ppm, while the biogas produced in the starch industry is generally around 10000 ppm. The biogas produced in the landfill of household waste has a relatively low content of hydrogen sulfide due to the relatively low involvement of sulfur media in the production process, generally within 1000 ppm.

　　在我国，目前沼气的生产加工技术和商业化运行系统也已经逐渐成熟，通过自主创新、引进并消化吸收了国外成熟先进的高含固量的有机废弃物厌氧消化技术，其中以谷物秸秆、畜禽粪便、城市有机垃圾为处理对象的大型沼气工程也取得了突破性进展，因此，相应的沼气净化提纯工艺技术也得到发展，形成了一系列相对比较成熟的技术。

　　In China, the production and processing technology and commercial operation system of biogas have gradually matured. Through independent innovation, introduction, digestion and absorption of mature and advanced high solid organic waste anaerobic digestion technology from abroad, large-scale biogas projects targeting grain straw, livestock manure, and urban organic waste have also made breakthrough progress. Therefore, corresponding biogas purification and purification technology has also been developed, forming a series of relatively mature technologies.

　　二

　　two

　　沼气提纯精制生物天然气脱硫技术

　　Biogas purification and refining technology for desulfurization of bio natural gas

　　国内外用于沼气脱硫的常见工艺有干法脱硫、PSA脱硫、化学法脱硫、生物脱硫、膜分离法脱硫等。而在沼气提纯精制生物天然气领域，主要有活性碳系或氧化铁系干法脱硫、碱洗脱硫、生物脱硫。其中，生物脱硫因为向原料气中引入了氧氮等杂质气体，因此只能用于沼气发电而不能用于沼气精制，以下就对沼气提纯中的脱硫技术及其特点进行说明：

　　The common processes used for biogas desulfurization both domestically and internationally include dry desulfurization, PSA desulfurization, chemical desulfurization, biological desulfurization, membrane separation desulfurization, etc. In the field of biogas purification and refining of natural gas, there are mainly activated carbon or iron oxide based dry desulfurization, alkali washing desulfurization, and biological desulfurization. Among them, biological desulfurization can only be used for biogas power generation and cannot be used for biogas refining because it introduces impurity gases such as oxygen and nitrogen into the raw gas. The following will explain the desulfurization technology and its characteristics in biogas purification:

　　1

　　one

　　干法脱硫

　　Dry desulfurization

　　干法脱硫是通过固体脱硫剂将气态硫化物转化为固体硫化物，该法特点是设备制造简单、操作简便，净化度较高，脱硫剂可再生。但缺点是价值很低，达到饱和硫容后就须更换。通常用于气量小、硫化氢含量低，需要深度脱硫的气体脱硫，且对气温和水份有一定的要求。脱硫剂通常分为活性碳系、氧化铁系、锌锰系几类。脱硫塔多为固定床层，多塔串联使用，用过的脱硫剂可通过掺煤燃烧或厂家回收处理再利用。

　　Dry desulfurization is the process of converting gaseous sulfides into solid sulfides using solid desulfurizers. This method is characterized by simple equipment manufacturing, easy operation, high purification efficiency, and renewable desulfurizers. But the disadvantage is that the value is very low, and it needs to be replaced after reaching the saturation sulfur capacity. Usually used for gas desulfurization with small gas volume, low hydrogen sulfide content, requiring deep desulfurization, and having certain requirements for temperature and moisture. Desulfurizers are usually divided into several categories: activated carbon based, iron oxide based, and zinc manganese based. Most desulfurization towers have a fixed bed and are used in series. The used desulfurizer can be burned with coal or recycled by the manufacturer for reuse.

　　2

　　two

　　PSA和膜分离法脱硫

　　PSA and membrane separation desulfurization

　　变压吸附(PSA)的原理是以吸附剂对不同的气体在不同的压力下，气体吸附速率和量的不同而实现气体的分离。膜分离法则是利用气体分子大小不同能选择性透过膜和不同气体穿透速率不同而实现气体的分离。这两种方法分离出的硫化氢都需要再处理，同时对甲烷气带来较大的损失。

　　The principle of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is to achieve gas separation by using adsorbents to adsorb different gases at different pressures, with varying rates and amounts of gas adsorption. The membrane separation method is to achieve gas separation by utilizing the different sizes of gas molecules that can selectively pass through the membrane and the different penetration rates of gases. The hydrogen sulfide separated by these two methods needs to be reprocessed, while also causing significant losses to methane gas.

　　另外，膜分离法中使用的膜要经常更换，运行成本较高，而变压吸附剂和化学吸收剂可循环使用，因此，变压吸附法相对于膜分离技术的实际应用更广。

　　In addition, the membrane used in membrane separation method needs to be replaced frequently, resulting in high operating costs. However, pressure swing adsorbents and chemical absorbents can be recycled, so pressure swing adsorption method has a wider practical application compared to membrane separation technology.

　　3

　　three

　　碱洗脱硫

　　Alkali washing desulfurization

　　碱洗脱硫是指采用碱液循环使用进行脱硫，根据再生方法不同可分为：化学法和生物法。两种方式在脱硫、硫磺处理、配碱等工序上均相同，其中采用催化剂再生的工艺叫化学再生脱硫，采用生物菌再生的工艺叫生物再生脱硫。

　　Alkali washing desulfurization refers to the use of alkaline solution for cyclic desulfurization, which can be divided into chemical and biological methods according to different regeneration methods. The two methods are the same in processes such as desulfurization, sulfur treatment, and alkali mixing. The process using catalyst regeneration is called chemical regeneration desulfurization, and the process using biological bacteria regeneration is called biological regeneration desulfurization.

　　除了再生方式不同之外，这两种方法主要的应用领域也各自不同，其中生物再生式碱洗脱硫工艺在沼气发电气体预处理工序中有一定的应用，在沼气精制天然气的气体脱除硫化氢实际项目中则尚未应用，化学再生法相对而言应用则更广一些。

　　In addition to the different regeneration methods, the main application areas of these two methods are also different. Among them, the biological regeneration alkaline washing desulfurization process has been applied to a certain extent in the gas pretreatment process of biogas power generation, but has not been applied in the actual project of gas removal of hydrogen sulfide in biogas refined natural gas. The chemical regeneration method is relatively more widely used.

　　4生物脱硫

　　4. Biological desulfurization

　　生物脱硫工艺是一种新型的脱硫工艺，越来越受到企业的欢迎。生物脱硫的基本原理是利用硫杆菌属和丝硫茵属类微生物代谢的作用，将硫化氢与氧气合成为硫酸盐进而除去沼气中的硫氢，脱硫产物为硫酸盐。

　　Biological desulfurization process is a new type of desulfurization process that is increasingly popular among enterprises. The basic principle of biological desulfurization is to utilize the metabolism of sulfur bacteria and silk sulfur bacteria to synthesize hydrogen sulfide and oxygen into sulfate, thereby removing sulfur and hydrogen from biogas. The desulfurization product is sulfate.

　　虽然其使用较为便捷，运行成本较低，但由于脱硫过程中同时引入了杂质气体，在后续工序中无法去除，同时生物脱硫刚刚起步，技术还不成熟，大多使用进口技术和设备，因此投资成本相对较高，大约为常规干法脱硫的3～5倍。

　　Although it is relatively convenient to use and has low operating costs, impurities are introduced during the desulfurization process, which cannot be removed in subsequent processes. At the same time, biological desulfurization is just starting and the technology is not yet mature, mostly using imported technology and equipment. Therefore, the investment cost is relatively high, about 3-5 times that of conventional dry desulfurization.

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