在当今全球对环境保护高度重视的大背景下，脱硫技术作为减少污染物排放的关键手段，备受关注。传统脱硫方法在一定程度上解决了硫污染问题，但也伴随着高能耗、高成本以及二次污染等弊端。生物脱硫技术的出现，为脱硫领域带来了新的曙光，它以其独特的优势，逐渐成为研究和应用的热点。

In the current global context of high emphasis on environmental protection, desulfurization technology, as a key means of reducing pollutant emissions, has attracted much attention. Traditional desulfurization methods have to some extent solved the problem of sulfur pollution, but they also come with drawbacks such as high energy consumption, high costs, and secondary pollution. The emergence of biological desulfurization technology has brought a new dawn to the field of desulfurization. With its unique advantages, it has gradually become a hot topic in research and application.

一、生物脱硫的原理探索

1、 Exploration of the principle of biological desulfurization

生物脱硫，全称为生物催化脱硫（BDS），是利用微生物或其所含的酶，对含硫化合物，如硫化氢（H₂S）和有机硫进行催化反应，使其所含的硫释放出来，转化为硫酸盐（SO₄²⁻）或单质硫（S）的过程 。这一过程背后的核心原理，是基于微生物的代谢活动。

Biological desulfurization, also known as biocatalytic desulfurization (BDS), is the process of using microorganisms or their enzymes to catalyze the reaction of sulfur-containing compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S) and organic sulfur, to release the sulfur they contain and convert it into sulfate (SO ₄² ⁻) or elemental sulfur (S). The core principle behind this process is based on the metabolic activity of microorganisms.

微生物在适宜的环境中，能够以含硫化合物作为代谢底物。例如，在有氧条件下，一些好氧细菌，如硫杆菌属的氧化亚铁硫杆菌，会将硫化物氧化为单质硫或硫酸盐。在这个过程中，微生物通过自身的酶系统，将硫化物中的电子逐步转移，实现硫的氧化。以硫化氢为例，其反应过程可简单表示为：2H₂S + O₂ → 2S + 2H₂O（生成单质硫），进一步氧化则为：2S + 3O₂ + 2H₂O → 2H₂SO₄（生成硫酸） 。

Microorganisms can use sulfur-containing compounds as metabolic substrates in suitable environments. For example, under aerobic conditions, some aerobic bacteria, such as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, will oxidize sulfides into elemental sulfur or sulfate. In this process, microorganisms gradually transfer electrons from sulfides through their own enzyme systems, achieving sulfur oxidation. Taking hydrogen sulfide as an example, its reaction process can be simply expressed as: 2H ₂ S+O ₂ → 2S+2H ₂ O (generating elemental sulfur), and further oxidation is: 2S+3O ₂+2H ₂ O → 2H ₂ SO ₄ (generating sulfuric acid).

在厌氧环境中，同样存在一些厌氧菌，它们能利用含硫化合物进行厌氧呼吸，将硫还原为硫化氢等形式。而这些硫化氢又可以在其他微生物的作用下，进一步转化为无害的硫单质或硫酸盐，从而实现硫的去除与转化。

In anaerobic environments, there are also some anaerobic bacteria that can utilize sulfur-containing compounds for anaerobic respiration, reducing sulfur to forms such as hydrogen sulfide. And these hydrogen sulfide can be further converted into harmless elemental sulfur or sulfate under the action of other microorganisms, thereby achieving the removal and transformation of sulfur.

二、多样的生物脱硫方法

2、 Various biological desulfurization methods

生物过滤法：这是一种较为常见的生物脱硫方法。含硫废气首先进入装有生物过滤介质的滤池，这些过滤介质通常由富含微生物的材料，如堆肥、木屑、活性炭等组成。废气中的含硫化合物在通过滤池时，被吸附在介质表面的水膜中，然后被微生物吸附并分解利用。微生物在代谢过程中，将硫化物转化为无害物质，净化后的气体则从滤池排出。例如，在处理沼气中的硫化氢时，生物过滤法可以有效地将硫化氢浓度降低到符合排放标准的水平 。

Biological filtration method: This is a common biological desulfurization method. The sulfur-containing exhaust gas first enters the filter tank equipped with biological filtration media, which are usually composed of materials rich in microorganisms, such as compost, sawdust, activated carbon, etc. The sulfur-containing compounds in the exhaust gas are adsorbed in the water film on the surface of the medium when passing through the filter, and then adsorbed and decomposed by microorganisms for utilization. Microorganisms convert sulfides into harmless substances during the metabolic process, and the purified gas is discharged from the filter. For example, in the treatment of hydrogen sulfide in biogas, biological filtration can effectively reduce the concentration of hydrogen sulfide to a level that meets emission standards.

生物吸附法：利用具有特殊吸附能力的微生物或其代谢产物，对含硫化合物进行吸附。一些微生物表面具有特殊的官能团，能够与硫化物发生特异性结合，从而将硫固定在微生物表面。之后，通过一定的处理方式，如改变 pH 值、添加化学试剂等，使吸附的硫释放出来，实现硫的分离与回收。这种方法对于低浓度含硫废气或废水的处理具有一定优势，能够高效地去除微量的硫污染物 。

Biological adsorption method: using microorganisms or their metabolites with special adsorption ability to adsorb sulfur-containing compounds. Some microbial surfaces have special functional groups that can specifically bind with sulfides, thereby fixing sulfur on the microbial surface. Afterwards, through certain processing methods such as changing the pH value, adding chemical reagents, etc., the adsorbed sulfur is released to achieve sulfur separation and recovery. This method has certain advantages for the treatment of low concentration sulfur-containing waste gas or wastewater, and can efficiently remove trace amounts of sulfur pollutants.

生物滴滤法：含硫废气从生物滴滤塔底部进入，在上升过程中与从塔顶喷淋而下的含有微生物的营养液逆流接触。废气中的硫化物被营养液中的微生物吸收并代谢，转化为无害物质。营养液在塔底收集后，经过处理和补充营养物质，可再次循环使用。生物滴滤法具有处理效率高、操作灵活等优点，适用于处理中等浓度的含硫废气 。...

Biological drip filtration method: Sulfur containing waste gas enters from the bottom of the biological drip filtration tower and, during its ascent, comes into counter current contact with nutrient solution containing microorganisms sprayed down from the top of the tower. The sulfides in the exhaust gas are absorbed and metabolized by microorganisms in the nutrient solution, and converted into harmless substances. After the nutrient solution is collected at the bottom of the tower, it can be reused after processing and supplementing with nutrients. The biological drip filtration method has the advantages of high treatment efficiency and flexible operation, and is suitable for treating medium concentration sulfur-containing waste gas